Keeping good financial records is an important part of managing your household. It helps you track your accounts, how much you have earned and spent, and how much you have paid in taxes. Organizing your financial records also makes it easier to file your taxes each year. If your tax documents are organized, you must grab the file folder out of your filing cabinet and get started. No hunting around for documents, forms, and possible tax deductions. I’ll review my tax filing system later in this article (it saves me hours each year!).
Why Should You Keep Financial Records?
Many of us save too much financial paperwork. However, if you understand why you need to keep certain records, it will help you determine what to keep and what to toss.
Here are six reasons why you need to keep records:
1. Identify your sources of income.
If you receive income from various sources, having complete records will help you separate business income from non-business income or taxable from non-taxable income. This includes forms such as W-2s and 1099s, receipts, copies of expenses, and more.
2. Make an insurance claim.
It’s a good idea to keep receipts for large purchases — like jewelry, appliances, electronics, and sporting goods — in the event you need to prove the original purchase price to an insurer or to make a warranty claim. Here are additional tips for filing a homeowners insurance claim.
3. Get a loan.
When you apply for a large loan to purchase a home or business, you must often produce several years’ worth of income, banking records or other financial documents. Organizing and readily available records will save you a lot of time and energy.
4. Keep track of your property basis.
You need to keep records that show your home’s basis or cost so you know if there is a gain or loss when you sell it. The adjusted basis includes the original purchase price plus the cost of any improvements you’ve made to the property. You also need this information to calculate depreciation if you rent out part of your home or use it for business purposes. See Publication 530, Tax Information for Homeowners, and Publication 551, Basis of Assets, for complete details.
5. Keep track of investment gains and losses.
The same concept applies to selling stocks or other equities. You will need your cost basis to determine your capital gains or losses. You need to keep records to determine your basis in an investment (such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds), so you know if there is a gain or loss when you sell them. See Publication 550, Investment Income and Expenses, for more information.
6. Support information you submit on your tax return.
If the IRS ever audited you, you’d be very happy to have all the documents that back up the tax return in question. Taxpayers are responsible for what’s submitted on their tax returns — even if accountants prepared them. Producing supporting documents for income, tax deductions, and tax credits can help you avoid paying additional taxes and penalties.
Which Financial Records Should You Keep?
Now that you know why records are important, here’s a list of basic financial documents you should keep related to your income, expenses, home, and investments:
Tax-related documents
- Tax returns and proof of filing: Forever – in case you are audited.
- Documents Supporting Tax Returns (W-2, 1099, K-1, receipts to prove deductions, etc.): Six years. The IRS has up to three years from when you file to look for errors on your return and up to six years to audit you if it suspects you underreported income by 25 percent. (There’s no limit if fraud is involved.)
- Receipts that document tax deductions or credits (such as charitable contributions, mortgage interest, real estate taxes, child care, and medical expenses — for a complete list, refer to Publication 552, Recordkeeping for Individuals)
- Securities Statements (stocks, bonds, mutual funds, etc.): For 6 years after you sell them; to prove a profit or loss for tax purposes
- Pay Stubs: Until your W-2 arrives; (Be sure to double check it for accuracy on a regular basis!)
- 401k and IRA Statements: Until your year-end statement arrives. Keep your year-end statements for at least 6 years for tax reasons.
- Medical Bills: 1 yr, unless deducting for taxes, then 6 years.
- Credit card statements that contain tax-related transactions
- Auto mileage logs
Financial Statements
- Bank statements – one year or until you have verified your 1099-INT.
- Brokerage statements and investment records
- Real estate closing statements
- Receipts that document substantial home improvements
- Insurance records (home, auto, life, umbrella, etc.)
- Retirement account information (IRAs, TSP, 401(k), pensions, annuities, etc.)
- Receipts or records of personal property
- Receipts: Until the warranty expires, or for as long as you need them for tax purposes.
- Legal documents (wills, estate documents. powers of attorney, living will, etc.)
- Certificates (birth, marriage, divorce and death)
- Titles and registration (home, auto, property, other vehicles)
- Loan statements
I recommend you attach all tax-related paperwork to your tax return each year and file it in a legal-size clasp envelope that’s clearly labeled with the tax year.
Tax returns can help you (or your accountant) prepare future returns. Additionally, in the event of your death, tax return copies would greatly assist the administrator of your estate.
How Long Should You Keep Financial Documents?
Knowing what bills and other documents to file away and when to get rid of useless material makes managing your finances much easier. The first step is to know what you have; then, you can begin categorizing different documents. Then, once you determine which financial documents to keep, you should consider how long to keep those documents.
How Long Should You Keep Tax Returns?
Since you can amend a tax return for up to three years or be audited for up to six years (in some cases), most people say that’s enough time to hang on to them. However, in cases where the IRS is investigating tax fraud, there is no statute of limitations. So, I recommend you keep old tax returns forever, and here’s why: The IRS said, “You must keep records, such as receipts, canceled checks, and other documents that support an item of income, a deduction, or a credit appearing on a return as long as they may become material in the administration of any provision of the Internal Revenue Code, which generally will be until the period of limitations expires for that return.” That’s pretty broad.
Additionally, the IRS recommends keeping a copy of every W-2 you receive in your lifetime until you begin receiving Social Security retirement income. Those forms would be the only way to confirm your earnings in a particular year and reconcile an error in your benefits.
Instead of pulling out W-2 forms and keeping them in a separate file, saving your entire tax return is easier. You can scan your tax return and keep a digital file. This takes up very little space on your hard drive. You can also keep physical records in a file. Here is an overview of how I organize my tax documents, including the digital filing system I designed.
How Long Should You Keep Other Financial Records?
Titles and other ownership documents. You should keep all titles and real estate documents, such as a home title, the mortgage contract, property repair receipts, etc., for at least as long as you own the item. You may wish to keep the receipts longer if it may affect your taxes (for example, selling a home or other property for a profit). More and more, insurers suggest taking photos of valuables to help protect your household assets in the event of fire or theft.
Investments and similar documents. Keep investment documents such as annual statements, documents that prove the cost basis for an investment, IRA/retirement statements, some checks like those used for home improvements, and related documents for as long as you own the investment.
Legal and personal documents. You should keep legal documents such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, divorce certificates, legal documents (wills, powers of attorney, etc.), military discharge paperwork, articles of incorporation or other legal business paperwork, and similar legal documents permanently or until they are no longer needed (such as when you create a revised will or power of attorney).
Bank and credit card statements. You won’t need to keep most other bank statements, canceled checks, or credit card statements for more than a year. Be sure to review your statements for discrepancies when you receive them, then file them away for about a year. You should keep the statements that note you paid off the balance with loan statements. You can throw away the rest.
How Should You Store Your Financial Records? Set up a Physical or Digital Filing System
The best way to handle these documents is to set up a simple filing system with hanging folders or notebooks, so you can easily place these documents into a file for future reference if needed. Of course, you may want to secure your sensitive documents in a safe or lockbox. If you are more high-tech, set up a simple digital portfolio where you can scan your documents and bills — then be sure to shred anything you don’t need a physical copy of. For example, it’s OK to scan your bank and credit card statements and shred the originals, but you should always keep the originals for legal documents such as wills, titles, licenses, etc.
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Kevin Stoner says
Personally, I only receive electronic copies of most documents, and scan any others that come in hard copy. I then create a pdf file for each year, broken down by month and organize all of the records electronically. This way, I don’t have to deal with the hassle of organizing, storing, sorting, or purging papers, and I can simply put the files on a cd, backup drive and in the cloud just in case one gets damaged, I always have extra backups.
Sandy @ yesiamcheap says
I don’t keep physical copies of things anymore. Most courts allow facsimilies so I PDF or scan all of my documents and have them saved in multiple locations.